Advanced Information Systems Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Propelled Information Systems Management - Essay Example 253). A Customer Relationship Management System (CRM) is a type of data framework which includes the use of different equipment and programming applications for compelling administration of data and information on customers or clients with a perspective on accomplishing the objectives and destinations of the association. This exposition gives a basic investigation and conversation of the worth that CRM frameworks inside government possessed association in the UK open division. The article remembers ideas of contemporary utilization of data frameworks for the open division. All the more explicitly the exposition represents information the board through choice help and utilization of master frameworks in information mining. Client Relationship Management System (CRM) In understanding to Shanks, Jagielska and Jayaganesh (2009, p. 263), CRM is a data framework based business system which is intended to assist clients with achieving an understanding the requirements of clients. The CRM li kewise helps in foreseeing client needs and applying innovative application to oversee them with a perspective on meeting the desires for clients (Ku, 2010, p. 1087). The execution or utilization of CRM includes procedures of cooperation among individuals, innovation and business forms. In this way it is through the reception and utilization of CRM that compelling incorporation of center procedures of client support, deals and showcasing is accomplished (Khodakarami and Chan, 2011, p. 256). It is obvious that CRM is a contemporary wonder which has been utilized inside the open segment. This innovation is in this manner supplanting the conventionality and less proficient methodologies which were utilized by government associations in conveyance of administrations to the general population (Wilson, Daniel and McDonald, 2002, p. 195). Figure 1: CRM Value of CRM inside Government Organizations in the UK Stjepanovic (2010, p. 273) contends that the estimation of CRM to an administration association is fundamentally the proficiency which describes the utilization of data framework. For instance the utilization of database the board frameworks and application inside a CRM structure prompts fast recovery and introduction of information and data to customers when they need it. Inside an administration association, client support includes recovery and introduction of information to clients upon demand. This data or information is regularly recovered from government databases through the procedure of information mining (Wilson, Daniel and McDonald, 2002, p. 198). On the off chance that for example a client demands for information on tax assessment, pay rates or advantages, the administration possessed associations are commanded to give it right away. In any case, the effectiveness of information mining and introduction information to the customer or client relies upon the degree of ability, aptitudes and information that an administration worker has (Stjepanovic, 2010, p . 276). The abilities that are required incorporate the utilization of different programming applications inside the CRM framework, for example, Microsoft Word Excel and database the executives applications. Shanks, Jagielska and Jayaganesh (2009, p. 264) bring up that CRM is important to an administration association since it lessens the costs that are related with business exercises or office forms. Inside the UK and the EU when all is said in done, government associations are progressively vieing for open assets or government subsidizing. Along these lines, numerous associations require to lessen the expenses of activities so as to accomplish powerful use of the assets accessible to them. Innovation decreases costs

The Impact of Social Media in US Elections Research Paper

The Impact of Social Media in US Elections - Research Paper Example The 2012 US political race is one of the regions of assessment of the effect of media in the discretionary procedure (Campaign tech boards 2012). The 2008 United States presidential battle harmonized with a period when online life were picking up acclaim internationally. Sleeping quarters Obama broadly utilized Twitter and Facebook to arrive at voters. In 2008, President Barrack Obama’s crusade group effectively utilized the web and informal organization request reserves and successfully connect up with battle volunteers (Learmonth 16). In spite of the way that specialists have no sureness on the degree to which online life sway the U.S political race, they acknowledge that sentiment on over the social sites impact political decision results. The 2008 decisions happened when online networking was picking up notoriety in the general public and getting one of the most noticeable viewpoints in correspondence and promoting (Metaxas and Mustafaraj, p.473). It offered a novel chance to assess the convenience and the accomplishment of the various media platforms(Dylko, Beam, Landreville, and Geidner, 2012). In any case, for online life nearness to be viable, it depends on access to the web. As per American Life Project, the entrance to web expanded and by 2008 over 46% Americans were utilizing the web, email or content informing to get news about the battles. Moreover, a similar number shared their perspectives and prepared others. In explicit reference to long range informal communication, just 10% utilized the set up social destinations, for example, Facebook and MySpace. Contrasted with the 2002 decisions, the 2008 races enlisted an expansion in long range interpersonal communication. While remarking on the expansion, in online life use, Peter Daou, a web counsel for Hilary Clinton expresses that for all intents and purposes each stage including the web based life was utilized, in open exchange. The web based life, in both the 2008 and 2012 races, was utiliz ed to bring stories into the general population, which influenced awareness and directly affected the news introduced by the broad communications associations (Williams and Gulati, 2013 p. 64). The web journals and other social configuration helped set the plan for the media and the conversation encompassing the decisions. The discoveries of the day preceding races demonstrate that the Obama crusade was more dynamic in the online networking than McCain. Actually on Facebook, Obama has over 2.3 million supporters against 620,359 devotees for McCain. Moreover, on twitter, Obama had more than 100, 000 devotees against a simple 4,603. In like manner, on You Tube, there were more than 18 million perspectives for Obama against 2,000,000 for McCain (Gayo-Avello, 2011). The accompanying via web-based networking media was reflected in the political race results as Obama won the races. Indeed, even on the customary media stage, Obama appreciated enormous accomplishment with more than 160,000 notices against more than 140,000 for McCain. The discoveries demonstrate that the Obama battle utilized the media adequately in the 2008 decisions which prompted achievement in races (Learmonth, 2009). The internet based life is helpful both in encouraging and disseminating the crusade message. It additionally offered a stage for commitment on the message introduced. As indicated by Learmonth (2009), the inclusion of issues was comparative paying little mind to the stage. Truth be told, the issues canvassed in the customary media were considered the online life and the other way around. The finding shows that data move between the customary media and the online life

Two Way ANOVA With Minitab Example

Two Way ANOVA With Minitab Example Two Way ANOVA With Minitab â€" Math Problem Example > Maximizing Popping of Corns Experiment DescriptionIt is well known that not every kernel of the corns pops. During the preparation of pop corns, some un-popped corns remains at the bottom of the baking bag and as result of this, the quality of the pop corns reduces. Because of this, a number of questions remains ringing in the minds of many people in relation to the causes of the un-popped corns. For instance, if you take your time waiting for the popping of the corns and identify the number of variables that contributes the level of the popped corns, you might end up listing more than ten variables. In this case, only three variables are chosen out of the possible variables that can be identified as the causer of the popping of corns (Khan, 2013). The factors considered were; time of cooking, temperature subjected to the corns and the type of the corns used with an objective of maximizing the popping of corns. Factor Levels and RangeIn all these three factors, each factor was cat egorized into two levels; low or high. This levelling of the factors was used in determining the effect of popping with the change from the actual values. Table 1 shows the summary of the factors, their levels and range. Table 1: Summary of the Factors, Factor Level and their RangesFactor under consideration Low levelHigh levelsType of pop cornWhite (-)Yellow (-)Cooking time20 (-)40 (+)Base and Top Coat140 (-)160 (-)In addition to the factors considered, the following factors also were perceived to contribute to the popping of corns and as a consequence, they were kept to constant. Ambient temperatureType of cooking utensilSurrounding environmentAmount of oil used in cooking the cornsResponse variableFollowing to the objective of the experiment of determining the factors that might contribute to the maximization of the popping of the corns and their contribution towards this, a choice on the number of popped corns out of the sample size of 300 corns was done. In this case, the num ber of popped corns under the different conditions was counted and recorded against the possible combinations of experiment. In order to obtain the required results with minimal interference from the environment, the experiment was carried out with carefulness by controlling the effect of the surrounding from the factors under consideration. Experimental procedure Ensure that all the environmental impacts other than the factors under considerations are controlled. Ensure that the corns are free from dust and any other foreign particlesEngage the Subject the corns to the same conditions of the factors under considerations while varying one at time. Record the number of popped corns for every experiment under considerationExperimental DesignBy considering the two levels of each factor, the type of corn was taken as the categorical factor while the other two factors were taken as quantitative factors. As it shown in table 1, each factor is categorized into two levels. In our design, the experiment requires factorial design because there are three factor and two level for each factor. Thus, in order to increase the level of accuracy, the trials will be replicated two time making a total of sixteen runs.

Slavery In The United States - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 675 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Slavery Essay Did you like this example? In the United States there were one million three hundred thousand black slaves in the middle of the second decade of the nineteenth century, out of a total of eight and a half million inhabitants. Only about two hundred thousand blacks were free. The slaves did not enjoy any civil right in the nation that had been a pioneer in their recognition and guarantee. They could be transferred or sold as a thing. They could not exercise any legal action: contracts, marriage or ownership. The personal situation varied depending on the character and treatment of their owners. Many slaves tried to go to the North. Only in Canada could they feel safe. The slave trade had been abolished at the beginning of the 19th century, but the South needed a constant flow of slave labor. The constant increase in demand caused the value of the slaves. It is estimated that by 1860 a slave could be worth about $ 2,000. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Slavery In The United States" essay for you Create order The economy of the South was based on the system of cotton and tobacco plantations, supported by slave labor. All the wealth of this part of the United States was generated thanks to slavery. The economy and society were dominated by an oligarchy of landowning families, immensely rich and did not question the use of slaves to maintain and increase their wealth and power. Associated with this, a certain mentality was generated, which was based in the first place on a British aristocratic social origin in front of the whites of the North. The southern aristocracy also elaborated an entire ideological construction to justify the existence of slavery. Their approaches mixed arguments with others of religious type. The blacks, always according to this theory, would be inferior to the whites in intelligence For their part, the poor whites of the South also defended the existence of slavery because it In the North, blacks were not slaves, but they suffered from discriminatory and segregationist legislation: restriction of political rights and different public spaces. Even so, those States were anti-slavery and there the fight against slavery began. The American Colonization Society failed in its attempt to repatriate blacks to Africa. The American Anti-Slavery Association founded in 1833, and the main objective was the abolition of slavery. Antislavery began to permeate the northern society, in conjunction with other causes, such as the emancipation of women, both efforts to create a new and more egalitarian model of society. Between 1835 and 1860, the social and economic models of the North and the South collided. The North, linked to the Republicans, opposed the southern slave system and its plantation economic system, considering it antiquated. The South, on the other hand, defended its interests. The economic issue is very important to understand the disagreements between the North and the South. The southern economic model of plantation needed free trade policies to be able to sell cotton easily with the growth of European textile industrial demand. For its part, the North needed to defend and protect its industrial products from British competition. But, in addition, there are other more complex economic issues in the relations between the North and the South. Slavery had clear ethical, social and economic dimensions. In 1820 the compromise was reached, through the well-known Masson-Dixon line, to delimit the slave states of those that were not. In 1854 it was approved that it would be the citizens who would make the decision on the character of each State. That caused a strong conflict in Kansas. The Republicans, decidedly antislavery, managed to take the presidency in 1860 to Abraham Lincoln, against the Democratic candidate, Breckinridge, defender of the slave cause. A month after the proclamation of the new president, South Carolina proclaimed that the Union had been dissolved and opened the slope for which other southern states filmed. Lincoln was not willing for the Union to break. The war did not take long to explode. In 1863, Lincoln passed the Proclamation of Emancipation, by which all slaves of the Confederate States were freed. Slavery would end the war, but the situation of the black population would not improve substantially.

Social Media And Its Impact On The Workplace Essay

Social media becomes important in people’s lives despite age, gender, social level, profession, language or locality. Modern technologies are used by individuals including student nurses across the world for different purposes, such as, to stay up to date with worldwide news; exchange information or ideas and share views; aid in recovery and education; keep in touch with family and friends. This comes with great responsibilities for nurses not only to become confident social media users and incorporate this knowledge into practice for patient and nurses benefits, but also to be aware of organisational policies and legislations in the workplace to avoid consequences on a â€Å"legal, ethical and professional† level for improper use of social media (Kientz Kupperschmidt, 2011, p.1). Social media can also known as social networking. As Kaplan and Haenlein (2010, p.61) defined, a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content (as cited in Spector Kappel, 2012, p.1), by utilising social media platforms which may include Post Casting, Video Hosting, Blogging, Microblogging, Social News Sharing and Social Networking such as LinkedIn, Facebook and Forums. Face-to-face communication in the past is continually being replaced by virtual communication between people in modern society. Some students argue that there are a lot of opportunities by using webShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Social Media On The Workplace853 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand the significance in the use of social media outlets such as Twitter and Facebook. This subject will discuss the primary reasons companies allow the usage of social networking sites in the workplace. I t will also explain the positive impact social media usage has in the workplace, such as allowing communication to a broader audience. In addition to the positive usage, this topic will also explore the negative implications usage can cause. Because social media is still relatively new, there areRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On The Workplace Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesFinally, companies need to restrict employees access to social media to ensure that the employer’s image, objectives and reputation are not damaged by the employee. â€Å"Employers are put in a particularly difficult position of having to balance the positive and negative impacts that social media might have on their companies. For example, many employers utilize social networking sites to locate and recruit new employees. Social media has also promoted innovative marketing strategies that allow employersRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On The Workplace1108 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media is becoming an increasingly common feature of†¨the world of work and this trend looks set to continue. This application of communication technology or computer mediated tools have developed rapidly in our lives. Survey such as that conducted by CIPD (2013) have shown that while only a quarter of UK employees use it in their professional lives, this increases to 42% among employees aged 18–24. The innovative operation mode of social media has not only successfully drawn the attention ofRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On The Workplace1225 Words   |  5 Pages Social Media Posts Can Be a Threat to the Career People from almost all age groups, especially the teenagers and adults prefer to socialize through various social media websites for networking and this trend has been increased since the last decade with a wider internet utility. Though the social media websites are not less than any golden opportunity for online marketing in business, however, many cases have been reported for the job dismissals due to the controversial personal posts to the socialRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On The Workplace901 Words   |  4 Pagesnot shared on a social media platform. Leaders should keep twittering on a professional level when it’s involving their organization or other leaders. Social media makes it easy to ruin someone’s reputation. As a minimalist channel of communication, what are the advantages and disadvantages of Twitter? Advantages of business twittering allows leaders to broadcast information to a large group through the posting of a website. Twitter users can also direct followers to other media sources onlineRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On The Workplace2063 Words   |  9 Pages Abstract Social Media is a platform for people to create and exchange information. It is the collective communication channels dedicated to community –based input, interaction, content sharing and collaboration. It is the latest technology in which many people and businesses use to communicate. Social networking sites will continue to grow in the coming years. Because they have become an integral part of society, they will eventually become a fundamental part of the workplace (Craig, 2010). ThroughRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On The Workplace Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pagesof worker s online networking use. Moreover, a government court as of late tended to a business potential obligation under elected law for getting to a representative s online networking account. Introduction The impact of social media on the workplace is increasing. Social media is the broad term for internet-based tools used on PCs, laptops, tablets and smart phones to help people make contact, keep in touch and interact. This trend can affect communications among managers, employees and jobRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On The Workplace1170 Words   |  5 PagesRelationships This experience is the first time I have been introduced to professional relationships. I took the time to set up a LinkedIn account. It always brings a smile to my face when a subcontractor requests to connect with me. I believe that social media outlets such as LinkedIn give professionals an opportunity to keep up with each other s successes. The lowest level relationship I have built is with the field workers from our concrete subcontractors. I have enjoyed getting to know them andRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On The Workplace909 Words   |  4 Pagesimage to be jeopardized. Social media is a very powerful way to identify if the person is professional or not. It is important for companies to search future employees social media to determine if their eligible for the job. The reasons are because the employer need to protect the company’s image, they also need to be sure on who they’re hiring, and they need to feel comfortable with the choice that they’re going make. In addition, businesses have the right to search social media for future employmentsRead MoreSocial Media s Impact On The Workplace Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction – Have you ever heard of someone losing their job because of what they post on their personal social media page? Social media was created as a tool to connect people around the world and employers has used social media as a marketing tool. The use of social media in the workplace can be great and harmful to its employees; also has positive and negative effects depending on what kind of job role you have within the company. In the society we live in today there are millions of people

How effective is tuberculosis (TB) treatment in less economically developed countries Free Essays

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by several bacteria called ‘Tubercle bacillus’. The bacterium were discovered and named as a cause of TB in 1882 by the German Biologist Robert Koch. Tubercle bacillus is a small and extremely dangerous bacterium; it has a long life span and can survive for months in dryness and resist mild disinfectants (Stefan, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on How effective is tuberculosis (TB) treatment in less economically developed countries? or any similar topic only for you Order Now TB is a contagious disease which spreads in similar way to common cold and flu viruses; the bacteria are transferred from host to host in small droplets. There are numerous types of TB, of which Pulmonary TB is one. It can be transferred when an infected person sneezes, coughs or spits and an uninfected person comes into contact with the droplets, for example in saliva (Stefan, 2000). Symptoms The symptoms of this disease are severe coughing including bloody mucus, chest pains, shortness in breathe, fever, weight loss and sweating. The secondary infection affects the immune system, bones and gut. The most common scenario when infected with TB is when a person contacts it following another disease or infection which has weakened the immune system. For example when a person has the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) their immune system is weakened; people with HIV therefore show an increased rate of TB infections. Only when you show symptoms of TB can you infect others (Ottenhoff and Kaufmann, 2012). Organ infected by tuberculosis TB is an extremely harmful disease cause by microorganisms called ‘Tubercle bacillus’. It harms many organs in the human body. It mainly affects the lung (as shown in figure 1) and that is called ‘pulmonary tuberculosis’ the initial symptom last up to 6/7 months. During this long time period the immune system fights of the disease and bacterium. After that period and the immune system resisting the disease some particles of the bacteria escapes into the bloodstream, this is then carried around the body. Usually the immune system cannot stop the bacteria and leads to being untreated. If left untreated for a long period of time then the environment in the body is perfect for the bacteria to multiple, this is extremely dangerous as the tissues of the organ for example; the tissue of the lung may become infected. When the lung is infected it results in destruction in the respiratory system. It is important this is not left unattended as it will cause permanent s carring to the tissues of organs. Diagnosis The main method of diagnosing TB is a harmless skin test. This is performed by injecting a small amount of fluid under the skin around the forearm; this is a special fluid containing a protein copied from the microorganism Tubercle bacillus. After a few days the area where the fluid was injected is visually scanned. To determine whether you have the infection the scientist will measure the diameter and hardness of skin where the injection was placed. If the area if hard and the skin appears to be raised it will mean you have a bacterial protein present in your body. The redness in the area injection is not taken in to account. With this test it is possible to get false positive, for example a negative test does not mean you do not have TB. If the test is positive a chest x-ray will be taken to assess whether the TB infection is active (see figure 1). Areas affected by tuberculosis TB was a main cause of death in the late 19th century and early 20th century. TB still occurs in humans worldwide but more concentrated in many developing countries and kills 4 out of 10 people who are infected. Figure 2 shows that over 15 years (1990 to 2005) the estimated TB incidence rate global has not changed much, with incidence in Europe slowly increasing whilst staying below the global average. In Africa however the estimated incidence has remained above the global average. Figure 2 also demonstrates that having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a risk factor for being infected with TB. HIV is a condition which affects a person immune system, and so makes suffers more vulnerable disease. Therefore attempting to reduce the prevalence of HIV could also reduce the rate of TB in Africa population. This is a social problem as HIV is spread by contact with bodily fluid from a HIV suffer, therefor social education programs about safe conduct with HIV suffers could help reduce both disease and HIV. However the data (fig 2) only shows up to 2005. More recent data would be needed to see how the rates have changed from 2005-present. suffers more vulnerable disease. There is also a correllation between TB and economic condition. Hihgest incidences are seen in africa, where the gross domestic product (GDP) is low. The world health organisation (WHO) predicted that 8 million people per annum contract TB, 95% of these cases are found in developing countries. It is estimated that 3 million perople die from TB every year, which means the 4 put of 10 people infected from developing countries die each year. Immigration (process of relocation permanently to a foreign country or area) is increasing which leads to countries that usually have relatively low incidence of TB reporting an increase in the number if case per annum. TB is often referred to as a disease of poverty because it is common in developing countries. TB is transmitted in those conditions with areas that are overcrowded, have poor ventilation and a lack of nutrients in their diet. Living in an overcrowded area increases the risk of contracting TB as the airborne droplets are able spread faster; an example of this would be an overcrowded area such as a prison. Groups who have the largest chances of catching the disease are those who have close contact with infected persons over a long period of time and live in a poorly ventilated room. Figure 3 shows clearly that the continent of Africa has the highest number of TB cases in its population. There is a link between poverty and TB. This is because the population there is living in a poor lifestyle or HIV is very common. As discussed above, HIV makes a person vulnerable to TB because it weakens the immune system. Another reason for this economic link could be that hard manual workers, with lower economic status, often live on a diet with fewer nutrients, which also weakens the immune system, leaving a person more vulnerable to TB. Because this is a disease of poverty’ there are economic implications; the countries affected have no money to invest in finding treatment and research. The burden then falls on more economically developed countries. However because of the benefits being gained from this; pharmaceuticals companies invest little money into TB research. The reliability of fig 3 on the estimated of the cases varies depending on the sources. Economically developing countries have easy access to medical data, e.g. NHS in UK. However data on less economically developed countries is less reliable due to less health services. 1.2 Different types of antibiotics Isoniazoid is the drug most commonly used to treat TB, and is the most effective. Isoniazoid is bactericidal (capable of killing bacteria and viruses), non-toxic, easy to access and inexpensive. The usual dosage is 3 to 5mg/kg body mass produced in a peak concentration. The drug is effective because it travels throughout the entire body, including the cavities. The drug concentration is alike to the concentration found in the serum. Rifampin is also a bactericidal for TB. Like Isoniazoid it is non-toxic and is easy to access. It is effective as it is absorbed quickly from the stomach lining and intestines. After a few hours the serum concentration increases; when digested it absorbs into the tissues and cells. It can have very bad side affects even though the drug is a protein bound. The most common side effect is damage to the stomach lining. Other side effects include skin irritation, yellow urine, nausea and joint pain. These side effects are quite rare. TABLE!!!!! Development in treatment for TB The technology and knowledge about TB is increasing. There are number of new drugs tested, including amikacin, quinolones, rifamycin derivatives, clofazimine, and beta-lactams. They have all been tested separately but have not been tested in a multidrug regimen for treating TB. The recent increase in the occurrence of multi drug resistant TB creates an increase in the need to consider multi drug regimen as a treatment option. While all these medication have been tested none of them have been evaluated as a well designed drug. Appropriate dosage and intervals for the use of these drugs for TB has not yet be established. However WHO reported that only 1 anti-TB drug has actually come on the market in the last 28 years. This is said to be because pharmaceutical companies have lost interest in TB research because there is little or no profit associated with it (Blanc and Nun, 2000). However the source is from 2000; not up to date. New drugs for TB could have be reported after the time pe riod 2000. Vaccination There is only one vaccination for TB available and it is called bacillus calmette Guerin (BCG) (see figure 4). Scientist began testing between 1921 and 1924 on animal models which raised ethical concerns as many deemed testing on animals wrong, therefore BCG was considered a controversial drug. Throughout testing of the BCG vaccine promising results were found, and it was therefore distributed worldwide as an effective treatment for TB. Today BCG is regarded as the most widely used vaccine, and is being provided to less economically developed countries as a quick way of curing TB; this excludes people with HIV. The use of BCG vaccination faces some problems as it uses a live form of TB, the BCG is therefore not suitable for use in patients with HIV as they already have a compromised immune system, so exposing them to a live virus increases their chances of becoming infected with TB. Many vaccinations against TB are being developed. The most popular vaccine is the subunit vaccine. This vaccine is a protein obtained from the disease TB. Using a mixture of these proteins has shown good results. As it is a cellular vaccine and does not pose a risk of causing the disease. A DNA bases vaccine has been tested and has also showed promising results. The vaccine uses DNA as a system to deliver TB antigens. The DNA based vaccine does not have any problem with where the disease first originates and induces long lasting immunity. Several trails with DNA vaccination have shown protection against TB. It does this by releasing more concentrated ‘lymphocytes’ blood cells and are more effective towards the infected cells. Within the next few years, these vaccines should be available and safe for testing on human specimens. When a clinical trial is set up it is always in a lab, firstly on animals. This data is deemed reliable as it is done in a lab, but requires further human testing before data is valid for human treatment. Conclusion â€Å"We cannot win the battle against HIV/AIDs if we do not also fight TB. TB is too often a death sentence for people with HIV/AIDs† – Nelson Mandela XV international AIDs conference, Bangkok,July 2004 There is a link between developing countries and the prevalence of TB. Ways to prevent this could be to provide new-borns with a vaccine against TB; however that could bring the risk of the new-born being infected with the active disease if their immune system is weak. How to cite How effective is tuberculosis (TB) treatment in less economically developed countries?, Papers

Stereotypes Of Native Americans In Modern Films Essays -

Stereotypes Of Native Americans In Modern Films The savage persona, the war paint, the feathers and the beating drums are just some of the stereotypical images and attributes associated with Native American culture. The casting of Native Americans into villainous roles of early film and television has perpetuated a false perception of Native Americans that is still tied to their culture today. For centuries, Native Americans have been defined by stereotypical perceptions of Indian culture. These preconceived notions of Native culture are amplified if not derived from, the racially biased portrayal of Native Americans in the mass media and film throughout history. Though some of the modern depictions of Native Americans today are more positive and historically accurate, Indian culture still carries the stigma of the stereotypes and images established in early film and media. Though historical ignorance was partially at fault for allowing society to subscribe to such immense cultural misconceptions, it was film and television that immortalized these images and made them an acceptable part of the ?American way.? Preying on the public's limited knowledge of traditional Indian culture, early filmmakers created the ?Hollywood Indian,? an inaccurate depiction of Native Americans confining them to either an image of a savage warrior or that of the wise medicine man. Michael Hilger describes these representations as the development of ?Noble to Savage Red Man. (1).? Hilger continues to analyze this development by pointing out that both representations were subconsciously laced with racism and miscegenation. For example, even when an Indian is portrayed as a secondary hero he is still deemed inferior to his white counter part and is usually the brunt of racist humor by providing Byrd 2 comedy relief which is demeaning to his intelligence and importance in the plot. Also, any interracial romances occurring between Native and non-Native persons were never dignified with a happy ending. These relations usually ended with the Indian giving up his or her lover at the realization that their two cultures could never live together. This kind of ending only promoted discern towards miscegenation and reiterated the pretense that white civilization and Native culture could never coexist. These popular conventions placing Native Americans in confining, stereotyped roles were so accepted and unchallenged that they became society's only idea of Native culture and thus created an endless cycle of misconceptions and racial slander . Besides the obvious forms of degradation visible in the plots of early films and most Westerns, directors also used subtler conventions to depict Native Americans as villainous. One of these conventions was selective cinematography. A master of cinematography conventions was the prominent Western director John Ford. Examples of Ford's heavy cinematography work can be found in his film The Searchers in which Ford uses a slew of conventions to create significant images of both the white hero and the Indian. One of the conventions Ford uses are extreme close-ups. In one of the opening scenes Ford zooms in on Chief Scar fully adorned in war paint and feathers to emphasize his savage and threatening demeanor. Ford also uses a low angle shots like the one of Scar standing over Debbie (the hero's niece,) as she cowers in his shower. Ford uses this low-angle shot to accentuate Debbie's sense of helplessness and extreme fear as she sits opposite to Scar's intimidating presence (Hilger 12). Ford also heightens the suspense of his film by cross-cutting between a pending Comanche attack and a search party who have just realized they have been lured away from their homes to allow such an attack (Hilger 12). Placement and blocking can also convey attitudes towards Native Americans by Byrd 3 often placing the white hero in a higher frame in more empathetic positions to imply the hero's superior presence over the Indian's (Hilger 10). These technical practices seem too subtle to have such heavy impacts but each angle, cut, or close-up creates a different perspective and thus receives a reaction from the audience. Hilger insists that ?Long, medium and close-up shots, camera angles, composition, editing and acting are key to what the film ?language' says about Native American characters.? Since the period of silent films Indians have been part of the entertainment industry Their presence in film can be traced back further than