Northern State University Admissions ACT Scores More

Alternative Course Of Action / Interventions - 1607 Words

Alternative Course of Action/Interventions I would now like to propose some alternative courses of action to prevent low morale, dissatisfaction and high turnover rates for this non-profit organization. 1. ‘I Run 4 Mason’ can continue conducting business as they are. Other chapters of this organization is known, admired and respected throughout the country. You, the current leadership, are the pioneers for this organization and should be treated as such. Unfortunately, due to the lack of retention of new runners and the aging, injuries and falling enthusiasm of seasoned participants, the local chapter is unable to expand to new disabled individuals living in the area who would like to be a rider athlete. 2. Elect new leadership who are willing to dedicate their time and energy to enabling and empowering people to work together in a productive and goal oriented manner. There is no doubt that a volunteers heart is in the right place especially when they are willing to exert the amount of physical strength needed to push someone in a wheelchair for long distances. On the other hand, perhaps they are also exploring other aspects of volunteer work including meeting new people, developing new skills or experiencing the feeling of being needed. Leadership faces challenges when considering ones motives, attempting to decide who is undertaking this task for the right reason, but they must facilitate a healthy environment among a diverse group of volunteers with varying backgrounds,Show MoreRelatedEthical Decision Making : Ethical Decisions1047 Words   |  5 Pagesthat apply to this scenario, according to the CPA code of ethics (2000), I was able to identify the existence of conflict between respecting the woman’s desire to receive online counselling (Principle I) and not knowing whether online counselling intervention would effectively support her without causing harm (Principle II). However, it is also important that I adhere to Principle II and provide online support if the woman does not find it acceptable, within her culture and due to living in a remoteRead MoreSyria Civil War Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesName: Instructor: Course: Date: United States Intervention in Syria Introduction There are reports to suggest that mass casualty of chemical attack is unleashed in the suburbs of Damascus and this influences the long and contentious debate on the possible United States intervention in Syria civil war. According to reports, forces loyal to Syrian president Bashar Al Assad attacked the opposition controlling areas within the suburb with chemical weapons, where hundreds of civilians included women andRead MoreUse Of Restraints And Its Ethical Implications1652 Words   |  7 Pagespresent in today’s medical facilities. As well as reeducation for nursing staff on assessing and determining the presence of acute delirium rather than that of chronic dementia. Nurses hastily request the use of restraints without first implementing alternative methods and are often â€Å"misdiagnosing† unwanted behavior instead of looking for underlying issues or concerns. The American Journal of Nursing embarked on a series that addressed growing concerns related to the elderly population in the United StatesRead MoreScope Of Problem Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesand cognition (Arria DuPont, 2010). Which signals to the importance of implementing an effective intervention that can help students make informed decisions about drugs, learn the potential side effects, discover not to underestimate the dangerous effects of mixing drugs, and change the student’s self-efficacy and beliefs surrounding drug use. Program goals (1 page) The goal of this intervention, titled â€Å"Saluki’s Say STOP or S3† is to reduce opioid and stimulant misuse and overdose on the SouthernRead MoreSocial Worker s Style Of Counseling774 Words   |  4 Pagesinvolved in the case study. I will discuss my understanding of what the role of a social worker entitles. I will identify the issues I find wrong with the intervention and offer alternative interventions using the Person-Centered approach. Then, explain how Carl Roger’s Personality Theory explains where the client is. Analysis of Social Workers Action While the social worker was assigned to the child welfare case he discovered that his client and mother of two children was addicted to drugs and manyRead MoreEvidence Based Intervention Is Training The Caregiver Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesAnother main focus of OT evidence-based intervention is training the caregiver so that they have an increased perceived competence and ability to handle and understand the behavior problems and functional decline of the person with NDD that they care for. OTs can positively impact the lives of both the patient and the caregiver, by taking time to work with the caregiver and train them in the NDD disease process, effective supervision, positive communication strategies, available resources, personalRead MoreSocial Policy: Definition, Concept, Source, Model Assumptions1440 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Policy The Oxford dictionary defined SP as ‘settled course of action followed and adopted by the government or a political party’. The word policy refers to the particular course of action followed because it happens to be useful for the time being whereas social refers to anything that got to do with the society and its betterment. SP can be defined as a series of public policies designed to promote social development, undertaken by a variety of actors through a range of instruments. SocialRead MoreApplying Ethical Frameworks For Practice Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesof ethical principles to resolve dilemmas in the workplace. Milton (2014) defined ethics as encompassing a methodical approach to decision-making and as a disciplined reflection on the moral choices individuals make. To arrive at an appropriate intervention, nurses and other health care providers must employ an efficient and organized process to identify an ethical dilemma to determine a viable solution (Grand Canyon University [GCU], 2011). This paper will identify an ethical dilemma in a case scenarioRead MoreEffects Of Cigarette Smoking Among Adult Smokers1264 Words   |  6 Pagesremained the same as in previous years. This paper evaluates the findings in the assessment conducted by Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. The inf ormation obtained from the assessment will aid in providing an outline for planning interventions for community health in Duval County, Jacksonville, FL. Also the paper uses the evaluation from the assessment to see what tools can be used in public policy planning. Many people know that the use of tobacco is detrimental to anyone’sRead MoreEnd-of-Life Care640 Words   |  3 PagesAn individual patient solution may include actions of a clinician such as a trial of therapy (Schlairet, 2013). Providers may propose a trial of therapy for an impaired patient that may offer greater clarity as to whether or not the patient is end stage or has a likely positive outcome. An agreement to neither intensify nor expand critical care interventions should accompany the trial if the patient’s condition weakens. A transfer of patient by the surrogate decision maker may be another potential

Organizational Behavior Chapter 17, Notes Free Essays

Institutionalization A condition that occurs when an organization takes ona life of its own, apart from any of its members, and acquires immortality. When an organization becomes institutionalized, it takes on a life of its own, apart from its founders or any of its members. When an organization becomes institutionalized, it becomes valued for itself, not merely for the goods or services it produces. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior: Chapter 17, Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now It acquires immortality. If its original goals are no longer relevant, it doesn’t go out of business. Rather, it redefines itself. Institutionalization operates to produce common understandings among members about what is appropriate and, fundamentally, meaningful behavior. 3 So when an organization takes on institutional permanence, acceptable modes of behavior become largely self-evident to its members. As we’ll see, this is essentially the same thing that organizational culture does. So an understanding of what makes up an organization’s culture and how it is created, sustained, and learned will enhance our ability to explain and predict the behavior of people at work. rganizational culture A system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations. There are seven primary characteristics that, in aggregate, capture the essence of an organization’s culture: 1. Innovation and risk taking. The degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks. 2. Attention to detail. The degree to which employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis, and attention to detail. 3. Outcome orientation. The degree to which management focuses on results or outcomes rather than on the techniques and processes used to achieve those outcomes. 4. People orientation. The degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organization. 5. Team orientation. The degree to which work activities are organized around teams rather than individuals. 6. Aggressiveness. The degree to which people are aggressive and competitive rather than easygoing. 7. Stability. The degree to which organizational activities emphasize maintaining the status quo in contrast to growth. How to cite Organizational Behavior: Chapter 17, Notes, Papers

About racism Example For Students

About racism Racism is an issue in this country and it is just recently that anyone has taken any action to stop it. Some may have thought that racism was gone once slavery was ebolished, but that is not the case. Ask any black person to tell you the daily challenges and differ4ences they face compared to a white man and the list could go on and on. Some black men and woman will attest to the fact that if you re in a group of all colored people and walking on a street, a lot of people who aren t of color will lock their doors. This is not completely their fault either. The stereotype that all black people steal or that they re all bad people has been around for a while. People grow up how they re taught to behave and the only way to end racism is to show this new generation not to look at color. Everyday people are killed by police officers, but more black people are killed annually than any other race. All over the news you ll hear about the newest incident with police killing unarmed black people. These unarmed people not only are shot once, but sometimes are shot multiple times. If our law â€Å"enforcement† officers are trained to shoot then why are they shooting to kill when that is supposed to be the last resort? Why was Eric Garner choked to death begging to be let go and muffling the words â€Å"I can t breath†? Eric Garner was a New York resident who was caught before selling cigarettes. A cop was following him and Eric began to ask why he was harassing him and saying he has done no wrong. The cop s name was Daniel Pantaleo. He put Eric into a illegal chokehold and this evidently killed the father of 6 all over a cigarette. At first the state was trying to claim it was not the officers fault claiming it was self dense because the officer was â€Å"sca red for his life† This tradgedy would be thought to be something that happens once in a blue moon, but that is not the case. Recently a lady named Sandra Bland was murdered by a police officer. She was pulled over for not using a turn signal and ended up dead. It progressed as far as the cop threatening her and took her off his dashcam camera and who knew what happened at that point. The city said the cop was innocent and even released more footage of someone they claimed to have been Sandra in the cell uninjured, but the lady in the video was bigger than Sandra and it seemed to of been fabricated footage not only because of how blurry, but also because it took them weeks to release it and if it was something to prove them innocent thats s highly unlikely. Police brutality is horrible in this country, but it is not just officers who are to blame for racism. Black people in America who contribute to the stereotypes and statistics bring the black race down as a whole. Yes, non-colored races should not believe everything they say and majoirty of us people of color are not criminals and are active members of society, but some of us aren t so good. Of course other races aren t perfect, but sadly black people need to prove themselves more than other races. Because of the fact that colored people were looked at as such low class people a short 50 or so years ago the mostcurrent generations still suffer from this. Anywhere from the work field to trying to go to school black people are automatically looked at as people who don t work hard and overall lazy. Rawstory.com cited a long list of statistics comparing black and white people. Just to state a few of them â€Å"72.9 percent of whites are homeowners, only 43.5 percent of blacks are. Black s constitute nearly 1 million of the total 2.3 million people incarcerated. According to Pew, white median household wealth is $91,405; black median household wealth is $6,44†. Black people as a whole should rise together and get higher up in these statistics. Colored people aren t all lazy or uneducated people and it is not fair to look at an entire race as less based off a few bad apples. .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 , .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 .postImageUrl , .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 , .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3:hover , .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3:visited , .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3:active { border:0!important; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3:active , .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3 .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u770a6c4f2383cea6ab698e6b312c72d3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Racism in O’Connor EssayRacisim is usually covered by saying â€Å"their generation was raised that way†, but that is not fair at all. Just because someone was raised in an era where slaves were kept does not give said person the right to hate or talk badly to or even about a black person simply based on their skin tone. The amount of melanin in someones body should not control as much as it does in this society. People should not have to protest or be murdered to get this point across. Having a black president was said to help the racism in America, but it seems to of gotten worse in these past years. It is not fair the black woman grow up and are scared to have children because they wouldn t know what kind of world they ll be growing up in. It s horrible mothers everywhere don t want to let their kids leave the house because not even the police will protect their babies. Something has to be done before it s too late and we end up in a race war. Every race should come together as a group and not feel the need to hate each other based off something as stupid as a skin color. Everyone is equal no matter if they are black, white, asian, hispanic, and orange. They are human and are equal and deserve to be treated like equals. Until every race inside of America can come together and accept one another nothing is going to get better, only worse. It s up to this generation to end it for good and the only way to do so is to stand up against racism.

Abortion Birth Control Or Legal Murder Essays - Abortion

Abortion: Birth Control or Legal Murder? Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Abortion: Birth Control or Legal Murder? Approximately 1.6 million murders are committed legally each year. With the exception of laws in few states, the mutilated bodies of the victims are thrown into dumpsters like pieces of rotten meat. While these victims lay waiting in the infested dumpsters to be hauled off to a landfill, the murderers are in their offices waiting for their next patient--the accomplice to the murder. This is the murder of an innocent child by a procedure known as abortion. Abortion stops the beating of an innocent child's heart. People must no longer ignore the scientific evidence that life begins at the moment of conception. People can no longer ignore the medical and emotional problems an abortion causes women. People must stop denying the facts about the procedure, and start hearing the silent screams of unborn children. The argument by the pro-abortion side is that the unborn child is not truly a child. Many people who are pro-abortion justify their beliefs through the concept that a fetus is only a blob of tissue until it is born, or the statement: life begins at birth. Abortion is not as simple as removing a "blob of tissue" (as the pro-abortion activists put it) from a woman's body. Abortion is the destruction, dismembering and killing of a human life--an unborn baby. "But it is scientific and medical fact based on experimental evidence, that a fetus is a living, growing, thriving human being, directing his or her own development" (Fetal Development). A fetus is not just a blob of tissue, rather a fetus is Latin for "offspring or young one." Human life begins at fertilization, therefore it is wrong to murder the innocent child in the womb. At a US Senate Judiciary Subcommittee meeting, most scientists said that life begins at conception or implantation of the embryo. No scientist at the meeting claimed that life begins at birth (Factbot). Professor Hymie Gordon of the Mayo clinic stated "' . . by all criteria of modern biology, life is present from the moment of conception'" (Fetal Development). In a 1963 Planned Parenthood pamphlet entitled 'Plan Your Children' it states "an abortion kills the life of a baby after it has begun. It is dangerous to your life and health" (Factbot). Even though abortion is dangerous to a woman's life, and it kills her baby, Planned Parenthood still offers it as a safe solution. This statement contradicts what most abortion clinics say. It is not possible for abortion to be offered to women as a safe solution, when it not only puts her life in danger, but it also kills her child. Not only has science proven that a fetus is truly a human, the simple facts also confer abortion kills the life of a human being. Life begins at conception because of the fact that life in the womb does not change at birth. There are no special procedures or changes that occur during birth to magically change the fetus to a baby. It is already a baby--a human life. "'If a fertilized egg is not by itself a full human being it could not become one, because nothing is added to it,'" said Dr. Jerome Lejeune (Factbot). Most of all the development also takes place before one is born. Of the 45 generations of cell divisions before adulthood, 41 have taken place before a person is born (Factbot). Fertilization is just the beginning of a long process of growing and maturing. "Life in a continuum. From the moment the egg is fertilized a new life has begun. All of the genetic information is present to construct a unique individual. Gender, physical features, eye color have already been determined. The baby's heart begins beating regularly at 24 days. Babies in the womb hiccup, cry, play, and learn" (Factbot). Life continues from the day of fertilization until death. Nothing is added to a person during a lifetime. "'Conception confers life and makes that life one of a kind,'" said Dr Landrum Shettles father of in vitro fertilization (Factbot). Abortion is wrong because it ends the life of a human being. The day of conception marks the beginning of a new human life. "'The zygote is the first cell of a new human being,'" said Keith L. Moore. There is no way that the fetus is just a "blob of (Factbot) tissue." Scientific and medical facts prove that the fetus is living. They prove that the fetus is a person, a human, and

Free Essays on Mechanical Ventilator Weaning

The research article I found contained information about ventilator weaning outcomes in infants and children. The research design was quantitative, using a randomized controlled trial. The sample consisted of one hundred eighty-two spontaneously breathing children less than eighteen years old, who had been receiving ventilator support for more than 24 hours and who failed a test for extubation readiness on minimal pressure support. The research was conducted in the pediatric intensive care units of 10 children’s hospitals across North America from November 1999 through April 2001. The Purpose of this research was to evaluate whether weaning protocols are more effective than standard care with no defined protocol and whether a volume support weaning protocol using continuous automated adjustment of pressure support by the ventilator (VSV) is more effective than manual adjustment of pressure support by clinicians. The measurements used to verify extubation readiness included â€Å"checking for spontaneous respiratory effort, having a gag reflex or cough with suctioning, pH of 7.32 to 7.47 on most recent blood gas analysis, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 7 cm H2o or lower, and fraction of inspired oxygen (Floz) of 0.6 or less† (Randolph,et al,pg.3). The extubation readiness test (ERT) consisted of changing the F2 to 0.5 and decreasing PEEP to 5cm H20. With both setting adjustments, the spo2 had to stay above 95%. This was measured using a pulse oximetry reading. The patients unable to maintain spo2 of 95% or greater were removed from the test. Those who did maintain spo2 at 95%v or above had their ventilator mode changed to PSV and were placed on minimal PSV. Exhaled tidal volumes were measured at the ETT using a CO2SMO Plus monitor with sensors. (Novametrix Medical Systems, Inc.) I think the measurements that were used in the study are reliable and effective. It is appropriate to monitor spo2 levels and exhaled tidal volumes... Free Essays on Mechanical Ventilator Weaning Free Essays on Mechanical Ventilator Weaning The research article I found contained information about ventilator weaning outcomes in infants and children. The research design was quantitative, using a randomized controlled trial. The sample consisted of one hundred eighty-two spontaneously breathing children less than eighteen years old, who had been receiving ventilator support for more than 24 hours and who failed a test for extubation readiness on minimal pressure support. The research was conducted in the pediatric intensive care units of 10 children’s hospitals across North America from November 1999 through April 2001. The Purpose of this research was to evaluate whether weaning protocols are more effective than standard care with no defined protocol and whether a volume support weaning protocol using continuous automated adjustment of pressure support by the ventilator (VSV) is more effective than manual adjustment of pressure support by clinicians. The measurements used to verify extubation readiness included â€Å"checking for spontaneous respiratory effort, having a gag reflex or cough with suctioning, pH of 7.32 to 7.47 on most recent blood gas analysis, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 7 cm H2o or lower, and fraction of inspired oxygen (Floz) of 0.6 or less† (Randolph,et al,pg.3). The extubation readiness test (ERT) consisted of changing the F2 to 0.5 and decreasing PEEP to 5cm H20. With both setting adjustments, the spo2 had to stay above 95%. This was measured using a pulse oximetry reading. The patients unable to maintain spo2 of 95% or greater were removed from the test. Those who did maintain spo2 at 95%v or above had their ventilator mode changed to PSV and were placed on minimal PSV. Exhaled tidal volumes were measured at the ETT using a CO2SMO Plus monitor with sensors. (Novametrix Medical Systems, Inc.) I think the measurements that were used in the study are reliable and effective. It is appropriate to monitor spo2 levels and exhaled tidal volumes...

An Investigation into the Impact of Branding on Growth of Tablet Dissertation - 2

An Investigation into the Impact of Branding on Growth of Tablet Computer for the UK Market - Dissertation Example Only 18 per cent of respondents believe that tablet PC prices will be more affordable in future. Nearly 88 per cent of respondents believe that the future of the tablet PC in the UK market is bright. Perfect correlation was observed between variables V1 (Without promotion nobody would have known about Tablet PCs) & V2 (I would buy an unbranded Tablet PC, because it would be considerably cheaper than the branded ones); (‘r’ = 0.96). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V1 (Without promotion nobody would have known about Tablet PCs) & V19 (Tablet PC will replace the PC in future) (‘r’ = 0.96). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V2 (I would buy an unbranded Tablet PC, because it would be considerably cheaper than the branded ones) & V18 (‘r’ = 0.97). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V2 (I would buy an unbranded Tablet PC, because it would be considerably cheaper than the branded ones) & V19 (Tablet PC will replace the PC in future) (‘r’ = 0.95). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V3 (Advertisement have helped me to learn about Tablet PCs) & V4 (Promotion is helping the Tablet PC market in UK) (‘r’ = 0.97). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V3 (Advertisement have helped me to learn about Tablet PCs) & V15 (Tablet PCs are more useful than mobile phones) (‘r’ = 0.95). ... Perfect correlation was observed between variables V4 (Promotion is helping the Tablet PC market in UK) & V16 (Tablet PCs are more useful than laptops and PCs) (‘r’ = 0.99). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V5 (Without promotion effort, I wouldn’t have known about the Tablet PCs) & V14 (Tablet PCs are useful products) (‘r’ = 0.99). Perfect correlation was observed between variables V15 (Tablet PCs are more useful than mobile phones) & V16 (Tablet PCs are more useful than laptops and PCs) (‘r’ = 0.96). 4.1.2 Other findings of the quantitative survey Findings from GPA scorecard Respondents accorded their highest approval to variable V15 â€Å"tablet PCs are more useful than mobile phones† (GPA = 80). This is followed by the variable V4 â€Å"promotion is helping the tablet PC market in UK† (GPA = 76). Closely behind this was V16, which stated, â€Å"Tablet PCs are more useful than laptops and PCs† (GPA = 75). The next highest scoring variable was V3, which stated that, â€Å"Advertisement has helped me to learn about tablet PCs) (GPA = 71. Respondents awarded GPA score of 63 to variable V14, which states that tablet PCs are useful products. However, the respondents accorded their least approval to the variable V19, which stated that tablet PC will replace the PC in future (GPA = 45). A marginally better score was accorded to variable V1, which stated that without promotion nobody would have known about the tablet PC. 4.1.3 Findings from qualitative survey The respondents believed that branding has helped the tablet PC market to grow in general in the world and particularly in the UK market. Branding helped to brand recall by bringing the memory of the brand at the time purchasing decisions are made. The

Information Security and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Information Security and Ethics - Essay Example Organizational strategies (policies, leadership, training, etc.) specification is one policy that would be required where each employee has his or her computer, to prevent spread of viruses when one is infected. Further, the organization should control the sites in the network and also external devices plugged into to the computer. This can be appropriately be described as type of software that support advertisements. It displays or downloads a banner that is not wanted by the user, within his or her software. The software is most of the time embedded with the software of interest by the manufacturer, with the intent of sinking the cost of development. With regard to protecting the organization system from adware, the organization should ensure that, only licensed and registered software is purchased. They should also install antivirus to attack the abrupt advertisements. Furthermore, it should within the planning of the organization, to trades with licensed software producing companies. It should also ensure that employees have clear instruction as to whom to consult in case of software installation in their computers. The impact of the threat is that it can either corrupt the data or steal the information stored by the user. Example is the computer virus which decodes or corrupts the system information of the computer, autorun   It is defined as a malicious set of instructions that executes actions within the machine without user’s legal authorization. The impacts of Trojan include data copying, modification, blocking, deleting or even disruption of network and computer performances.   Installation of firewall, security passwords, and data encryption should be done. The local connection within the organization should have identification, such that; only those people permitted to access, can gain entry in to the system. Another threat experienced by the organizations is hackers. These are unwarranted users of network or computer. Their impact to

Pressures for Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pressures for Change - Essay Example Barrett was barely a year old at the organization when America started the war on Iraq. This was in 2001. The war was solely a political move that had dire consequences on different aspects of the American economy. It strained the economy as more money was needed to fund the fight. In this case, the money could only be sourced from public fund which is tax collected. This resulted in a shift in the purchasing forms of most the American market. The war also affected international markets. For instance, sympathizers of the Iraqi government started discriminating against American products and Intel was one of the companies that felt the consequence of the discrimination. Intel manufactures computer chips and sells them off to other companies some of which are situated overseas (Palmer, Dunford & Akin, 2009). The poor performance following this had detrimental consequences on the firms’ standings at the stocks market since low sales meant lower profits resulting to low dividends t o its share holders. As a result, investors began shying off from Intel’s shares and this was to blame for the poorest price of twenty dollars that the company’s share got to by September 2001. This poor performance caused by the geopolitical factor needed effective change to reverse. It was a trend that could have seen this leading market player liquidated within the shortest period and the chief executive office Craig Barrett could not have known what would have hit him. Being the aggressive individual he was, he noticed the need initiate change and introduce a brand into the market that could sustain the buying trends at the time. It is with this in mind that he launched faster and smaller processors at lower prices. With this type of product, the firm shifted its market target from the high end citizens to the middle and low class who coincidentally formed the majority of the population. He also was forced to diversify the firm’s operation. He transformed th e company from merely making the microprocessors to a manufacturer of other information and communication appliances. In as much as the move to begin manufacturing other communication and information appliances was a good one, it was bound to impact negatively on the general sale of the firm’s products. Intel initially manufactured these micro chips and sold them to other manufacturers of ICT products such as Toshiba, Acer, and Hewlett Packer (HP). This meant that these other secondary firms would buy these chips in bulk and use them to manufacture their products. But since Intel would still reserve the copyright laws, they would always indicate that their products had Intel chips. This acted as a platform for further advertisement for Intel’s products. It is, therefore, only logical that when Intel began manufacturing such appliances as computers and mobile phones, it started competing for the very limited market with its former customers. This would not have been rec eived positively by these companies as they started treating Intel as a competitor and not a supplier. This further reduced the sales of the firm’s products and contributed to the poor price of the firm in the year 2001 and early 2002. With a poor performance, and the changes that the chief executive officer was making in the firm, the company was most definitely taking a newer shape. The

Elijah The Prophet In The Bible Religion Essay

Elijah The Prophet In The Bible Religion Essay Faierstein, Morris. Why do the Scribes Say That Elijah Must Come First? Journal of Biblical Literature. 100.1 (1981), pp. 75-86. Print. This resource would be vital for research as it looks at the controversy surrounding Elijahs accession to heaven and its meaning. It provides a different approach to the understanding of some of the most vital events surrounding Elijahs life. Penninger, Harold. Walking with God. New York: TEACH Services, Inc., 1996. Print. Elijahs story is well explored by the author of this book; Harold Penninger. Although the author discusses in depth the experiences of some of the icons in the Bible who, as the author puts it followed in the Gods footsteps, the Elijahs story is well explored in two parts; Part I and Part II giving the reader a vivid insight into his life and works (Penninger 51). The author stirs interest into this story by quoting important events both in the Old Testament and in the New Testament which would trigger any serious bible student to look into the life of Elijah. First, he quotes that he appeared in the New Testament during the transfiguration of Jesus, and secondly, Elijah is among the few people in the bible who were taken from this world before seeing death. Among other events surrounding Elijahs death, the writer looks into all including his miracles, his fight with King Ahab and the rise of Baal. Of the controversial aspects about Elijah, the writer points out the view of the bible students who view him as a prototype of john the Baptist. The description the bible gives regarding Elijah fits almost the same as the description given for John the baptism (Penninger 57). Part II of the Elijahs story gives mainly the encounters of Elijah and the Baal prophets and King Ahab. This book would be quite useful for anyone doing research work as it not only explores Elijahs life, but it is also provides a critical review raising important insights which might be useful for deeper understanding. Wood, Norman. Bible Characters for Your Weekly Bible Study. Virginia: Weekly Bible Study Resources. 2010. Web. This is a Christian website intended to help readers of the bible in bible study. It does not give an overview of Elijahs life or work but is rather specific to some aspects of his life. Although based on the bibles scriptures, this source gives wide information regarding Elijah and Elisha and some of the details from the historical books not necessarily included in the bible. It also explores other aspects of the Israel culture as mentioned in other scriptures which would be very beneficial for any reader seeking to understand the bible well (Wood  ¶ 21). For instance, Elisha asked for a double portion from Elijah as he was about to depart to heaven. This was according to the Israel traditions where the father gave the first born son double share of his possessions since he was supposed to be the successor as mentioned and elaborated earlier in Deuteronomy. This website reveals much about Elijahs relationship with Elisha and the events surrounding the succession of Elijahs work. The fact that this source mentions and quotes materials from other sources and other writers including published papers and journals like Christian Science Sentinel and Christian Science Journal makes it an ideal material for anyone doing research project on the topic (Wood  ¶ 21). It does not focus on merely exploring Elijahs work and life, but seeks to bring out the best understanding of Elijah as a person and as a prophet clearly interpreting all the mysteries and events surrounding his work. Elisha, being his successor is also mentioned and their interaction detailed clearly. The reader is not only gains explanations, but is also allowed to think, consider and challenged to reconsider his/her stand and understanding.

Foster Care Essay -- Social Issues, Adoption and Safe Family Acta

There are too many children in foster care. Despite federal legislation (viz., the Adoption and Safe Family Act [ASFA], among other legislative directives) designed to reduce the number of children in care, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010) indicates that of the 285,000 children exiting care in 2008, only 52 percent were reunified with their parents or primary caretakers. Although ASFA also has statutory guidelines designed to reduce the amount of time required for the courts to decide permanent placement for children that have been removed from their parents, children exiting foster care in 2008 spent an average of 21.8 months in state custody (U.S. Department of Heath and Human Services). These outcomes create several questions for researchers, two of which are pertinent to the current study: 1) What factors influence whether children are reunified with their families; and 2) What factors influence the timeliness with which reunification occurs? Prior research has attempted to answer these questions by focusing on demographic information such as age, race, education of parents and children (e.g., Courtney, 1994; Wulczyn, 2004), and income (e.g., Courtnety, 2004; Eamon, 2002); family composition such as single parent homes and number of adults in home (e.g., Davis, Landsverk, Newton, & Ganger, 1996; Harris & Courtney, 2003). One caveat to these examinations is that many of them look at factors like e.g., race, family composition, poverty; they did not focus on the processes and/or structures of the juvenile dependency court system itself. The present study attempts to overcome this caveat by examining a process factor—involvement of the parents and their respective legal representatives at early decision-m... ...fathers were not involved (Malm et al., 2008). Children whose non-resident fathers were highly involved also spent less time in foster care (21.4 months) than children whose non-resident fathers were not involved (25.3 months) (Malm et al.). Despite previous research examining father involvement in services and case plan development, a paucity of research remains concerning the influence of father involvement in legal proceedings on dependency outcomes. Although some analysts (such as Edwards, 2009) suggest that including the father in dependency proceedings may lead to favorable outcomes for the child, including relative placement as opposed to foster care and possibly avoiding out-of-home placement altogether, these suggestions have not been empirically tested. This study examines association between father’s involvement in legal proceedings and reunification.

India of my dreams Essay

Today, India is characterised by communal violence, religious strife, terrorist movements, regional alienation, political chaos, constant economic hick-ups, general corruption, Mafia raj, bomb-culture, etc. The great India of Lord Buddha, Mahavir, Shankaracharya, Swam Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi, and Jawaharlal Nehru is on the verge of break-up, unless of course, we put an end to these malaises that are eating into its very fabric. The ills of decadence, hibernation, disharmony and the lethargic existence of the nation must be addressed to, if we want to see a glorious and a vibrant India. I dream of such a glorious and wonderful India in the days to come. India is a multicultural, multi religious, multilingual nation and, hence, in order to maintain peace and harmony, due importance has to be given to the sentiments of each community. However, this secularing and pluralism have come to be subdued by religious fanaticism and communalism. In the name of construction of temples and mosques we do not seem to hesitate even to take the lives of our neighbours. Today, when we should be focusing on the country’s all-round development, our attention is focused in untangling the mess known as the ‘Ayodhya tussle.’ This undue importance given to religion has ruined our national peace, social equilibrium and international standing. Mumbai bomb explosion, Gujarat violence, Godhra incident, continuous Kashmir carnage, etc., speak volumes about how we have managed to turn the land of peace into a land of blood. Therefore, my dream of India is an India where religion would no longer be in national focus, where religion would be put into the backyard meant purely for personal practice. I dream of a day when people in India would live and die for their motherland than for their religion. Today, in India, the gap between the have’s and the have- not’s is ever increasing. Nearly 90% of India’s wealth is in the hands of 10% of people. The current social discrimination based on birth, caste and religion is  breaking the national fabric. In my future India there would be no more concepts such as, Reservation, OBCs, Backward classes, under-privileged, etc. These man-made boundaries of demarcations would be broken down 21st century India would an India where everyone, irrespective of caste, creed, and religion, would have equal opportunities to live and work. In my future India, everyone would have enough to eat and enough to wear. There would be no more deaths use to poverty and starvation. None would die due to paucity of medical facilities. There will be enough jobs for all, education would be work-oriented and everyone would have adequate opportunities for learning. Every village would be connected by roads and by internet. The country’s military expenditure would be minimised and maximum would be spent for social improvements. Green revolution, white revolution and IT revolution, etc. would characterise our land. In my India of 21st century, the present evils characterising the Indian political system of India such as instability, rampant corruption, political scams, misuse of public money, glorification of leaders, horse-trading, criminalisation of politics, manipulation of election process, etc., would be unheard of. My future India would have a political system, where person with dubious character or criminal background can never assume any public office, where election would no longer be based on money power or muscle power but rather totally free and fair. My India of 21st century would be a great India highly esteemed by the other nations of the world. She would be a permanent member of the UN Security Council and her voice would be heard ‘loud and clear’ in the International arena. India’s role as the torchbearer of peace would be highly appreciated. The Kashmir problem would be a thing of the past and she would have peace and friendship with all her neighbours. She would be considered a major Asian  power at par with China and a highly developed nation with a world of IT professionals who are ready to venture out into the unknown frontiers. I do not think that my dream of India is too idealistic or too unrealistic. A day is not far off when I would be fortunate enough to see this glorious India sparkling with the noble ideals of peace, high economic standards, political stability, social harmony, international recognition, etc. Let my country awake from its present slumber and rise up to great heights of glory and prosperity. It would be an India like the India which the great patriot Rabindranath Tagore visualised: â€Å"Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high, where knowledge is free, where the world is not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls†.

Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism

Frenand Braudel’s â€Å"Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism† offers very sharp insight on the birth and the growth of capitalism in the history of material civilization. His theory has been used as a theoretical tool explaining the globalization of modern capitalism. Yet, the value of his book is more than its utility in globalization studies. In this book, he criticizes the European point of view on the history of material civilization and extends his scope to non-European economy.Especially, he portrays economic history as a spontaneous, slowing evolution with long term equilibriums and disequilibriums, ignoring the history of economics as the successive transitions of big events such as the stages of slavery, feudalism, and capitalism. He thinks that the preindustrial economy is also characterized by the coexistence of inflexibility, inertia and slow motion. www. rpi. edu/~kime2/ehtm/myissues/braudel. htm Braudel notes that the exchanges from Europe across Siberia to China â€Å"formed a system of interdependence.† Moreover, â€Å"at the beginning of the sixteenth century, Russia's principal foreign market was Turkey† which Braudel also classifies as a separate â€Å"world-economy† â€Å"reminiscent of Russia. † Braudel terms the Turkish economy â€Å"a fortress,† but also a â€Å"source of wealth† and a â€Å"crossroads of trade, providing the Turkish Empire with the lifeblood that made it mighty. † The Turkish economy was not any more isolated from the rest of the world than the Russian economy: A long French report on the Levant trade confirms this impression: â€Å"[French] ships carry more goods to Constantinople than to all other ports in the Levant.The surplus funds are transferred to other ports by means of bills of exchange which the French merchants of Smyrna, Aleppo and [Port] Said provide for the Pashas. † Braudel then asserts that European trade in the Turkis h empire was minimal and â€Å"merely passed quickly through [because] money, the sinews of western trade, usually only made fleeting appearances in the Turkish Empire†: as part went to the sultan's treasury, part oiled the wheels of top-level trade, and â€Å"the rest drained away in massive quantities to the Indian Ocean.† In that case, Braudel should have asked what intermediary role the Turkish economy played between Europe and India. Then too, Braudel notes that caravan routes ran from Gibraltar to India and China â€Å"the whole movement-in-space which made up the Ottoman economy,† which â€Å"owed its suppleness and vigour to the tireless convoys which converged from every direction. † Far from having a self-contained â€Å"fortress† economy, then, the Ottoman empire drew its lifeblood from being a crossroads between other economies, none of which were independent of each other.Of course, the Turks tried to maintain their power, derive maxim um benefits from their intermediary position, and bar others from sharing in it as best they could. Turkish merchants, not content with their intermediary role at home, also â€Å"invaded Venice, Ferrara, Ancona, even Pesaro, Naples and the fairs of the Mezzogiorno† in Italy and â€Å"were soon found all over Europe, in Leipzig fairs, using the credit facilities provided by Amsterdam, and even in Russia or indeed Siberia as we have already seen. † The Turkish empire hardly sounds like a dosed economyBraudel calls Asia the â€Å"greatest of all world-economies,† which â€Å"taken as a whole, consisted of three gigantic world-economies,† Islam, India, and China. He even allows that â€Å"between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, it is perhaps permissible to talk of a single world-economy embracing all three. † Toward the end of this period he observes that the center of this single economy became stabilized in the East Indies (beyond the bounda ries of these three economies) in a network of maritime traffic comparable to that of the Mediterranean or the Atlantic coasts of Europe.Of India he writes that for centuries it had been â€Å"subject to a money economy, partly through her links with the Mediterranean world. † Gold and silver were â€Å"the indispensable mechanisms which made the whole great machine function, from its peasant base to the summit of society and the business world. † Braudel suggests that the foundation of Europe's trade with India was the low wages of the â€Å"foreign proletariat† there, which produced the cheap exports exchanged for the inflow of precious metals to India.As â€Å"a historian of the Mediterranean,† Braudel declares himself â€Å"astonished,† to find that Red Sea trade in the late eighteenth century was still the same â€Å"vital channel† in the outflow of Spanish-American silver to India and beyond as in the sixteenth century. He might have n oted how American silver reached this economy not only via the Red Sea and the Levant, but also around the South African cape, and with the Manila galleons. Braudel did observe that the â€Å"influx of precious metal was vital to the movements of the most active sector of the Indian, and no doubt Chinese economy.† According to one historian, the â€Å"series of interconnected regional markets dispersed and overlapping around the globe† were really a â€Å"world market for silver. † Perhaps as much Spanish-American silver crossed the Pacific to Asia, where it competed with Japanese silver, as crossed the Atlantic. Like exchanges elsewhere, trade in the Far East was based on goods, precious metals and credit instruments. European merchants could apply to the moneylenders in Japan or in India . . . and to every local source of precious metals afforded them by the Far East trade.Thus they used Chinese gold . . . silver from Japanese mines . . . Japanese gold coins . . . Japanese copper exports . . . gold produced in Sumatra and Malacca . . . [and] the gold and silver coins which the Levant trade continued to pour into Arabia (especially Mocha), Persia and north-west India. . . . [The Dutch East India Company] even made use of the silver which the Acapulco galleon regularly brought to Manila. (Dennis O. Flynn, 1991). Temporary shortages of silver had an impact on Asia that may have helped bring down China's Ming dynasty.Prior to 1630, the inflow of silver from Spanish America and Japan promoted the monetization of the Chinese economy. The abrupt decline in silver production during the world recession after 1630 caused economic turmoil and bankrupted the Ming government, making it an easier prey to the Manchus in 1644. One scholar argues that it was no coincidence that the British monarchy was overthrown in 1640, and the Turkish government nearly fell at about the same time. (Jack A. Goldstone, 1991) Moreover, Braudel also finds a de facto globa l if not a world economy beyond the monetary sphere.â€Å"Long-term control of the European world-economy evidently called for the capture of its long-distance trade, and therefore of American and Asian products. † Braudel wrote: Who could fail to be surprised that wheat grown at the Cape, in South Africa, was shipped to Amsterdam? . . . Or that sugar from China, Bengal, sometimes Siam, and, after 1637, Java, was alternately in demand or out of it in Amsterdam, depending on whether the price could compete in Europe with that of sugar from Brazil or the West Indies? When the market in the mother country was closed, sugar from the warehouses in Batavia was offered for sale in Persia, Surat, or Japan.Nothing better demonstrates how Holland in the Golden Age was already living on a world scale, engaged in a process of constant partition and exploitation of the globe. . . . One world-economy (Asia) . . . [and] another (Europe) . . . were constantly acting on one another, like two unequally laden trays on a scale: it only took an extra weight on one side to throw the whole construction out of balance. Few historians have tried to determine whether and how cycles coincided across the supposed boundaries of these economies, yet such evidence could reveal much about whether they formed a single world economy.Braudel himself offers only a few indications of simultaneity across the boundaries of his world-economies. He devotes a special section to conjunctures, considers fifty-year cycles, as well as others that are twice as long and more; of these he writes â€Å"four successive secular cycles can be identified, as far as Europe is concerned. † On the one hand Braudel claims that â€Å"the world-economy is the greatest possible vibrating surface. . . . It is the world-economy at all events which creates the uniformity of prices over a huge area, as an arterial system distributes blood throughout a living organism.† Yet, on the other hand, Braudel ob serves that â€Å"the influence of the world-economy centered in Europe must very soon have exceeded even the most ambitious frontiers ever attributed to it. . . . The really curious thing is that the rhythms of the European conjuncture transcend the strict boundaries of their own world-economy. † Furthermore, â€Å"Prices in Muscovy, in so far as they are known, lined up with those of the West in the sixteenth century, probably by the intermediary of American bullion, which here as elsewhere acted as a ‘transmission belt'.† Similarly, Ottoman prices followed the European pattern for the same reasons. Braudel then demonstrated how such exchange transcended the economic boundaries he describes since the system extends throughout the global economy. Indeed, he observes â€Å"knock-on effects† as far away as Macao, even beyond the Manila galleon route. He also remarks that â€Å"historians (Wallerstein included) have tended to underestimate this type of exch ange. † Yet, Braudel underestimates this exchange as well.After reproducing a graph of the yearly fluctuations of Russia's exports and its wade balance between 1742 and 1785, he only observes â€Å"two short lived drops in the [trade balance] surplus, in 1772 and 1782, probably as a result of arms purchases. † The graph also shows a third big drop in 1762-63. All three coincide with a sharp drop on the graph of Russian exports, whatever may have happened to imports of arms or anything else. These three short periods occurred in Russia in the same years as three world economic recessions, which Braudel discusses at some length in another chapter without making the connection.In still another chapter, Braudel reproduces a graph of Britain's trade balance with its North American colonies between 1745 and 1776 that shows sharp declines in British imports, and lesser declines of exports in the same years, 1761-63 and 1772-73. But again Braudel does not look for connections b etween these recessions. This omission is curious since about the first of these recessions he writes that â€Å"with the currency shortage, the crisis spread, leaving a trail of bankruptcies; it reached not only Amsterdam but Berlin, Hamburg, Altona, Bremen, Leipzig, Stockholm and hit hard in London.† Regarding the next recession Braudel observes catastrophic harvests in all of Europe in 1771-72 and famine conditions in Norway and Germany. According to Braudel â€Å"capitalism did not wait for the sixteenth century to make its appearance. We may therefore agree with Marx, who wrote (though he later went back on this) that European capitalism – indeed he even says capitalist production – began in thirteenth-century Italy. . . . I do not share Immanuel Wallerstein's fascination with the sixteenth century† as the time the world capitalist system emerged in Europe.Braudel is â€Å"inclined to see the European world-economy as having taken shape very early o n. † Indeed he observes â€Å"European expansion from the eleventh century† when it was â€Å"suddenly covered with towns – more than 3,000 in Germany alone. † â€Å"This age marked Europe's true Renaissance. † Furthermore, â€Å"the merchant cities of the Middle Ages all strained to make profits and were shaped by the strain. † Braudel concludes that â€Å"contemporary capitalism has invented nothing. . . . By at least the twelfth century . . . everything seems to have been there in embryo . . .bills of exchange, credit, minted coins, banks, forward selling, public finance, loans, capitalism, colonialism – as well as social disturbances, a sophisticated labour force, class struggles, social oppression, political atrocities. † Braudel also doubts that capitalism was invented in twelfth- or thirteenth-century Venice. â€Å"Genoa seems always to have been, in every age, the capitalist dry par excellence. † Several other Ita lian cities also had capitalist activities earlier than Venice. In all of them, â€Å"money was constantly being invested and reinvested,† and â€Å"ships were capitalist enterprises virtually from the start.† He further notes that â€Å"It is tempting too to give Antwerp the credit for the first steps in industrial capitalism, which was dearly developing here and in other thriving towns of the Low Countries† in the sixteenth century. Moreover, the term â€Å"capitalism† also seems to apply at the most macro-economic level, for â€Å"if today's cycles do in fact have some resemblance to those of the past . . . there is certain continuity between ancient regime and modern economies: rules similar to those governing our present experience may have operated in the past. â€Å"Braudel, however, also cast doubt on the idea that capitalism was invented in Western Europe and then exported to Asia: Everywhere from Egypt to Japan, we shall find genuine capitalis ts, wholesalers, rentiers of trade, and their thousands of auxiliaries, commission agents, brokers, money-changers, and bankers. As for the techniques, possibilities or guarantees of exchange, any of these groups of merchants would stand comparisons with its western equivalents. Braudel avers that â€Å"the rest of the world . . . went through economic experiences resembling those of Europe.† On the other hand, referring to North and West Africa before the Europeans arrived, he writes that â€Å"once more we can observe the profound identity of action between Islam's imperialism and that of the West. † Braudel wants to â€Å"challenge the traditional image† that describes Asiatic traders as â€Å"high-class peddlars. † Moreover, after Braudel writes of Asians taking turns in a monotonous repetition for a thousand years of shifts in economic dominance, he concludes that: â€Å"For all the changes, however, history followed essentially the same course. â⠂¬  If we asked what changes in or after 1500 as per Wallerstein, the answer would be not much.Braudel quotes a contemporary French sea captain writing from the Ganges River in India: â€Å"The high quality of merchandise made here . . . attracts and always will attract a great number of traders who send vessels to every part of the Indies from the Red Sea to China. Here one can see the assembly of nations of Europe and Asia . . . reach perfect agreement or perfect disunity, depending on the self-interest which alone is their guide. † No Europeans, including their Portuguese vanguard, added anything of their own, only the money they derived from the conquest of America.A standard work on Asian trade notes that â€Å"the Portuguese colonial regime, then, did not introduce a single new element into the commerce of southern Asia. . . . The Portuguese colonial regime, built upon war, coercion, and violence, did not at any point signify a stage of ‘higher development' econ omically for Asian trade. The traditional commercial structure continued to exist. † Even Wallerstein recognizes â€Å"an uncomfortable blurring of the distinctiveness of the patterns of the European medieval and modern world†: Many of these [previous] historical systems had what we might call proto-capitalist elements.That is, there often was extensive commodity production. There existed producers and traders who sought profit. There was investment of capital. There was wage-labor. There was Weltanschauungen consonant with capitalism. . . . â€Å"Proto-capitalism† was so widespread one might consider it to be a constitutive element of all the redistributive/tributary world-empires the world has known. . . . For they did have the money and energy at their disposition, and we have seen in the modern world how powerful these weapons can be.Wallerstein's proto-capitalism also negates the uniqueness of his â€Å"modern-world-capitalist-system. † He even acknow ledges â€Å"All the empirical work of the past 50 years on these other systems has tended to reveal that they had much more extensive commodification than previously suspected. † (Wallerstein, 586-87, 613, 575) Thus, Europe's incursion into Asia after 1500 succeeded only after about three centuries, when Ottoman, Moghul, and Qing rule was weakened for other reasons. In the global economy, these and other economies competed with each other until Europe won.Historians should concede that there was no dramatic, or even gradual, change to a capitalist economy, and certainly none beginning in Europe in the sixteenth century. In conclusion it is useful to cite an Indian historian who writes that â€Å"the ceaseless quest of modern historians looking for the ‘origins' and roots of capitalism is not much better than the alchemist's search for the philosopher's stone that transforms base metal into gold. † It is better for historians to abandon the chimera of a uniquely capitalist mode of production emerging in western Europe.It is far more accurate and important to recognize that the fall of the East preceded the rise of the West, and even that is only true if we date the rise of the West after 1800. The West and the East were only parts of a single, age-old, world economic system, within which all of these changes took place, then and now. The historian Leopold von Ranke is known for having pleaded for writing history â€Å"as it really was,† but he also wrote that there is no history but world history. (Andre Gunder Frank, 1994) Reference: Gunder Frank, 1994. The World Economic System in Asia before European Hegemony; The Historian, Vol.56 Dennis O. Flynn, 1991. â€Å"Comparing the Tokugawa Shogunate with Hapsburg Spain: Two Silver-based Empires in a Global Setting,† in The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350-1750, ed. James D. Tracy (Cambridge), 332-359. Jack A. Goldstone, 1991. Revolutions and Rebellions in the Early Modern World (Berkeley); William S. Atwell, â€Å"Some Observations on the ‘Seventeenth Century Crisis' in China and Japan,† Journal of Asian Studies 45, no. 2 Wallerstein, â€Å"The West, Capitalism, and the Modern World-System,† 586-87, 613, 575.

Effects of Water Solutions in Plant Growth Essays

Effects of Water Solutions in Plant Growth Essays Effects of Water Solutions in Plant Growth Paper Effects of Water Solutions in Plant Growth Paper Plants are affected by different substances that come into contact with them. These effects may be good or bad. There are certain substances such as fertilizers, which have a positive effect on the growth of certain plants, more specifically peachy (Brassier ARPA variety cheesiness). Peachy is commonly used in cooking in Filipino households. It requires little attention as it is a very hardy plant. It is rich in vitamins A, C, K, and fiber as well, Which are all good for our bodies. They grow best in cold seasons. The group selected this study so that they can test the effects of certain mixtures or substances such as water and salt, water and sugar, water and powdered milk, against the effects of water only. The group wanted to find out if these substances would benefit or cause damage to the plants. Statement of Problem Can varying solutions enhance the growth of peachy? Hypothesis The problem under study is whether different kinds of solutions (such as water and salt, water and sugar, water and milk) will affect the growth of plants. Their objectives are: To determine which solution will benefit peachy plants. k To make a homemade, effective fertilizer instead of buying expensive ones Significance of the Study Since agriculture is one of the main sources of income for the people in the country, the researchers would want to determine if water mixtures would affect the growth of plants. Their study about the different mixtures, such as water with sugar, water with salt, water with oil and water with soap affecting the growth of plants is significant because this study will educate the people of the things that they do not want to water their plants With. If this study is successful, the searchers will be able to inform the people on how they can make their plants grow faster and the substances that would harm them. Through this experiment, we might be able to find ways of increasing the growth of the plants found in our garden. Scope and Limitations The researchers will try to determine whether different substances (water with salt, sugar, powdered milk or water only) will affect the growth of the plants. They will be allotting 2 months for us to see if the water mixtures namely water with salt, sugar, and powdered milk can affect the growth of plants. The plants in Arial 1 will be receiving enough sunlight while trial 2 will not he receiving enough sunlight, watered equally and have a control set up so that we can compare the results after the time allotted for the experiment, They will not be spending as much because most tooth products they will be using are Dunn at home. They will be having a PH. SOC budget to buy materials that we will need but couldnt find them at our houses. The independent variable will include the plants we used in testing, water with the mixtures. The dependent variable will be the result of dealing with or experimenting the independent/experimental variable. In this case, it will be the amount of sugar, salt, and powdered milk that they will mix with the water to see if these will affect the Peachy plant we will be using for our experiment Their controlled variable Will consist Of the peachy plant and water. CHAPTER II Review Of Related Literature Tap Water on Plants Tap water is good for plants that need water with chlorine in it, spring water is good for carnivorous plants in order for them to grow, and bottled water is good for plants like cactuses that need mineral water to grow. Sugar on Plants Plants require three essentials, light, water and nutrients to thrive and produce optimum yield. Plants naturally produce sugars, such as glucose and sucrose. These sugars are needed to produce energy, promote growth and aide in the processes of respiration and transpiration. Sugar can also be introduced to a plant through watering to enhance growth and production. Sugar, in moderation, is not harmful to plants. Fifth amount Figaro in the soil becomes too high, this promotes a higher incidence of fungi and bacteria. A typical fungus that thrives on sugar is yeast. In a study at University of Southern California, three groups of bean plants were watered with different degrees f sugar water (C g, 25 g and 50 g solutions). The group of plants which had been watered with the 50 g sugar/water solution was not only the largest and strongest Of the plants, they were also the healthiest and highest yielding plants. Effect of Salt Concentration on Plant Growth Many western farmers believe that soil alkali is more detrimental to crop growth during the hot weather than during the cooler seasons of the year. Other agricultural workers have noted that damage to crops due to alkali (soil salinity) is more serious in the hot interior valleys than along the coast where the climate is more moderated. It is not definitely known whether or not soil salinity concentrations are comparable between different seasons of the year or between respective areas. Yet, information on this question is pertinent to the development of management practices which would aid in ameliorating soil salinity conditions at different seasons of the year and under different climatic conditions, The results obtained in this study show that* most crops are injured by salt to a greater extent in warm than cool climates. The Effect of Water Impurities on Plant Growth The purpose this experiment was to determine the effect of water impurities n the growth of plants. Each plant was put near a big window that let in a lot of sun. Two different stems from each plant were marked with bag ties. The heights of the two stems from each plant were measured. The plants were watered with 157. 6 millimeters of the solution. Each plant was watered on Thursday and Sunday. The first solution contained six millimeters of Colors bleach and 1516 millimeters of water. The second solution contained 6 grams of sugar and 157. 6 millimeters of water. The third solution contained 6 grams of salt and 157. 6 millimeters of water, On Friday and Monday the height of the stems of each plant were measured, ND the height was recorded. There was also a plant that was watered just with water, for the control setup. This experiment ran for four weeks. The data was analyzed to determine which plant grew the most over that period Of four weeks. The conclusions of this experiment are that the plant watered with sugar grew the most. Another conclusion is that the control (the plant watered With water) grew a little less than the plant watered with sugar. The plant watered with salt grew a little less than the control, and the plant watered With bleach grew the least amount. The reason that was discovered for why the plant watered with sugar grew the most was because when plants absorb nutrients, they turn them into some form of sugar, This plant didnt have to do that because it was already absorbing sugar. The other substances, except water, probably just stopped the plants from growing as much. Plant Groom Experiments The instructions below outline a protocol for conducting plant growth experiments in the laboratory. You may want to make adaptations for use in a greenhouse or outdoors. Purpose: To determine the effect of compost on plant germination and growth. Materials: pots, compost, soil, seeds, light source (sunlight or artificial light) Procedure The first step is to design your own experiment. There are many possibilitiesa few ideas are listed here, but the variations are endless: Test various combinations of soil and compost on plant growth. For example, you might wish to dig a soil sample from your school yard and mix it with various amounts of finished compost for planting experiments. (Natural soil is better than prepackaged potting soils for experiments such as this because the potting mixes are formulated for optimal plant growth and already contain significant amounts of compost or humus. ) C another possibility is to mix your own potting soil by sing vermiculite, sand, and compost. Creating several mixtures using the same percentages but different types of compost is a good way of comparing the influence of the various types of compost on plant growth. For example, you could compare compost at various levels of maturity, compost created using different mixtures of organic wastes, or overoptimistic versus compost created in a thermometric system. 0 if you are interested in investigating the effects of compost tea on plant growth, you could fill the pots with a sandy soil or potting medium such as vermiculite, then use compost extracts for watering, Next, whatever type of experiment you choose, make sure that you design your experiment to include replicates of the various treatments. For example, your design might look like the following: Treatment compost) I # Hats(with 6 plants in each) I # Plants 100% compost 1 31 18 25/75131 181 181 75/25131 181 100%soil 131 18 Third, plant your seeds, water them, and place them in a well-lit location Much type of seeds will work, but radish or lettuce is often chosen because they grow quickly. Melon seeds are sensitive to fungal diseases, and thus they provide a sensitive indicator of whether fungi have been killed through heating or curing f the compost. Then, keep all the pots in the same setting to minimize any variation in temperature, lighting, pests, and other environmental factors. Even when the environmental conditions are kept as constant as possible, it is a good idea to randomize the grouping of plants rather than placing all the plants that are receiving the same treatment together in one group. This helps to further minimize the effect of any environmental differences. Lastly, record on a daily basis the number of seeds that have germinated, plant growth, and observations about plant health such as color, vigor, or damage due to pests and diseases. You can decide what measurements to use as indicators of plant growth; possibilities include plant height, number and size of leaves, and dry weight of the entire plant at the end of the experiment. (For dry weight, weigh the plant after drying in a ICC oven for 24 hours,) Analysis and Interpretation 1. Graph germination rates and plant growth over time for the different treatments. Also, determine the mean number of seeds germinated and mean size or mass of the plants at the end of the experiment. Compare average germination rates, plant growth, and health for the different experimental retirements. Based on your experiments, what was the optimal potting mix for plant germination? For plant growth? For plant health? 2. Some things may have gone wrong in your experiments. For example, you may have over- watered your plants, causing them all to die from fungal infection regardless of the treatment. Or you may have taken measurements only on plant height, and later decided that measuring the number Of leaves and length of the main stem would have given better information. These types of problems are normal and can be used as a basis for redesigning the experiment. HOW might you hangs your experimental design if you were to carry out another set of growth experiments? 3. You may not rind any differences between the treatments. Or, you may discover that the plants grown without compost did best. If this is the case, it may be difficult to determine whether the compost had no effect, or you did something wrong. The tendency is to assume the compost really has an effect and to attribute insignificant or negative results to experimental mistakes. However, the interpretation of results should not be biased by your predictions or preconceived ideas about the way experiments will turn out. Often unexpected results lead to important insights and questions. Maybe your compost is of poor quality, or maybe the plant species you chose grows well in poor soils. Explore all the possibilities for explaining your results with an open mind, through discussions and new experiments. 4. The conclusions and recommendations that you are able to make based on your results will depend on how and where you carried out your experiments. For example, if you used potted plants in a classroom or greenhouse, it may be difficult to extrapolate from your results to what would happen if the same plants veer grown outdoors n a garden. However, your results may give you some ideas about what ovule happen, allowing you to make predictions or hypotheses. You could then use these predictions to design a new experiment on plant growth in a garden setting. Unlike other raw materials, the raw water supply varies significantly in quality both from one geographical region to another and from season to season. Water derived from an upland surface source, for instance, usually has a low ADS (Total Dissolved Solids) and is relatively soft, but has a high concentration of organic contamination, much of it colloidal. By contrast, avatar from an underground source generally has a high ADS and hardness level but a low organic content. Water impurities generally include minerals, viruses, bacteria and Other organic material. Sewer water from homes and industries contain a large variety of such water impurities. Currently, sewer water is going through some initial treatment to remove some impurities and then it is discharged in rivers and oceans. If water impurities are not harmful to the plants, part of such water can be used for irrigation and watering gardens. Water is critical for greenhouse production because a great deal of water is required to grow roundhouse crops. Since a large amount of water is needed to produce the crop, the quality of the water is important. The term quality in this case is related to what compounds are in the water. It a large number to impurities are in the water, than the quality offbeat water would be considered poor; however, if there were few impurities in the water the quality would be considered good or excellent, One class of impurities that is extremely important is that of salts. How does the salt content affect plants? Normally water moves to the root by a concentration gradient, and into the root by osmosis. The water content in the oil after watering is high and the water content in the roots is lower so water moves from the soil into the root. If the salt content of the water is very high the salt will compete with the roots for the water and the water may not move into the roots because the salts are holding on to the water. If the salt content Of the water gets too high, water could even be pulled out of the roots. It is important to mention that fertilizers are also salts so Will add to the natural salt content Of the Level of Nitrogen vs.. Plant Growth PURPOSE: To determine the effects of water solutions that contains different bevels of nitrogen on bean growth. HYPOTHESIS: The plants receiving a nitrogen solution will be affected the most by growing the tallest. EXPERIMENT DESIGN The constants in this study were amount of water, amount of light, temperature, kind of bean, size and type of container and the location of the plants. The manipulated variable is the amount to nitrogen in the solution. The responding variable was the bean height in centimeters (using a ruler) and the weight of the green matter in grams. The materials used in the experiment were 20 clear containers, 2 holding containers, 20 bean seeds, 3 jugs of distilled water, I ruler centimeters), 1 bag of nitrogen fertilizer 21-0-0, 1 scale, 1 permanent marker (black), sticks on labels and S mall_ beakers. PROCEDURES 1). Gather materials then fill 20 clear containers about 2/3 full of Pearl Light. 2). Plant a bean seed in each container about halfway down and using a distilled water jug (make sure there are holes in the cap) water the beans in each container so the top is moist, but theres no water visible on the bottom. 3). Water the beans each day until 14 seeds germinate. The other 6 are back-ups. 4). After 14 seeds have germinated, separate them into seven groups of 2 each ND label 2 the containers with 112% nitrogen. 5). Repeat step #4 with the other containers, except label each group Of two 2%, 4%, and ICC%. 6). Pour 200 ml of distilled water into each of the seven beakers 7). SE a balance scale to weigh the nitrogen from the bag. Add the nitrogen to the scale until it balances at O. Set the scale to 1 gram for 112%, 2 grams for 1%, 4 grams for 2%, 8 grams for 4%, 12 grams for 6%, and 20 grams for 10%. 8). Pour the nitrogen into the beaker labeled 112% nitrogen. 12). Repeat steps 7 and 8 five more times, except set the scale so that it will balance for the different levels of nitrogen. Shake each notation vigorously until the nitrogen dissolves. 13). Using a 1 ounce measuring cup, fill it with the 112% nitrogen solution about 213 of an ounce full 14). Pour the solution into one of the containers labeled 112% 15). Repeat step #14 with the other solutions. Have one beaker contain just distilled water. That is the water for the Control Group. 16). Let the containers sit on a windowsill or under a grow light. 17). Water the beans every other day during a two-week growing period. If you need to make more of one of the nitrogen solutions, follow steps 18). After the two weeks are up, carefully remove the plants from the earl Light but measure the plants before taking them out. 19). Record the height (in centimeters) and the weight (in grams) of the plants RESULTS The original purpose of this experiment was to determine if the level of nitrogen would affect plants growth. CONCLUSION It is therefore concluded that the plants receiving a 4% nitrogen solution mould grow the best. The usefulness of my findings will benefit farmers so they know not to overdose their bean plants With nitrogen. Chapter Ill Methodology Materials * Peachy seeds 4 pots * Tap water * White sugar * Salt (Dizzied) Powdered milk (Birch Tree) Methods The researchers used 8 peachy plants, placed in labeled pots (namely A, B, C, and D) each to be watered with 150 ml of water, The researchers did 2 Set AAAS the control group. It was watered with 150 ml to water. Set trials. B was watered with So of white sugar mixed with ISO ml of water. * Set C was watered with egg of salt mixed with 150 ml of water. Set D was watered with SOB of powdered milk and I SC ml of water. During the experiment period, the researchers watered their peachy plants once a day with equal amounts of water and their respective The time of the watering of the plants was at 5:30 PM.

How Apple Does It (Time Magazine Oct 24 2005) Essay

How Apple Does It (Time Magazine Oct 24 2005) - Essay Example 1 According to the conventional wisdom, described in the article, the Apple is operating like closed mini economy, and thus the company might be doomed as it attempts to do everything at once. Apple produced hardware, operating system for it and programs; traditional approach would allow Apple to license some of its products to other companies that specialize in the development of the products and then access the products produced by the companies mentioned. However in my opinion, the company would really increase the efficiency and competitiveness of its products if it followed more traditional approach as in this case, new innovations and consequently new products might appear much quicker, then the current policy adopted by the company. Huge diversification in one company might erode specialization, which is the cornerstone of innovations; it certainly does mean that differentiation and strategy adopted by Apple might not be successful in some circumstances, as the example of ipod clearly indicates, yet in my opinion it was rather the exception from the rule rather than the result of it. In order to access the effectiveness of the strategy implemented by the company, one should understand the princ... In spite of the fact that this product is just several years old, none of the competitors of Apple so far has been able to provide its customers with identical products of digital music industry. So the price of the Ipod certainly reflects some unique added features related to this product. Another element of competitive advantage strategy is the differentiation focus, when the company attempts to differentiate within the segment of the targeted audience. In this case the company should provide the customers with the product that matches the needs of the customers in the situation when current products of the competitors may not meet the needs of the targeted customers. All this features are present in this case as ipod has many unique features not available in the products of the competitors. Let us evaluate the this product within five forces model designed by Michael Porter that comprises the threat of new competitors, the threat of entry in the market, the threat of substitutes, the threat of bargaining power of suppliers and buyers.3 The threat of competitors. Not strong. Sony has started providing the customers with its new product- mini version of Walkman at the end of 2004. According to the research conducted by Moseberg, journalist from the Wall Street Journal, new mini player of Sony was thinner and wider, thus design was more convenient in use, as well as the battery life of the product was much longer. 4 However, when the Sony products appeared in the market the ipod was still unbeatable in the speed with which MP3 songs could be transferred to the player; whereas it took 2 hours and 13 minutes to transfer the 416 to the player of Sony, it took less than five minutes to

Transportation & Distribution Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Transportation & Distribution Management - Essay Example Transportation plays an important role in manipulating logistic. The vision of FedEx supply chain services is to become the world leader in global integrated logistics management, supply chain solutions and time-definite delivery (FedEx, 2014a). In the international market, FedEx faces competition from DHL, UPS, foreign postal authorities like Deutsche post and TNT N.V, freight forwarders, passenger airlines and all-cargo airlines. There are three important aspects of transportation management: Carrier selection, documentation and shipper carrier relationship. Carrier selection process includes the activities of identifying and procuring the best modes, the best carrier for each mode and best rates (Younkin, 2006). Companies tend to have a carrier mix like combination of aircrafts and road vehicles to order to have smooth operations, speed delivery at a low cost. Fed EX has a great air-and-ground network which facilitates the quick delivery of time sensitive shipments that deliver the shipment in one to two days with guaranteed delivery time. Its transports approximately 4 million packages and 11 million pounds of freight daily. For smooth functioning and fast delivery across the globe FedEx has mix of air and delivery fleet which consists of 650 aircrafts and 48000 motorized vehicles. FedEx has collaborated with more than 375 airports worldwide for the landing of its aircrafts without any difficulty. In October 2013, FedEx added first new Boeing 767-300 freighter in its air fleet. This is a major step in company’s strategic aircraft fleet modernization program as it is a more efficient and lower emission aircraft. 767 replaced MD 10 aircraft and is 30 percent more fuel efficient and incur 20 percent less unit operating cost (FedEx, 2014a). FedEx also provided a customized carrier to transport the skeleton of Wankel T-Rex dinosaur. In that customized lorry temperature was kept at 22C and each crate of bone was surrounded by

Challenging Conventional Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Challenging Conventional Leadership - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that in the era of a knowledge-based economy, extensive human resources can help an organization attain significant competitive advantage and the same has been recognized by the elites of the organizations. In the meanwhile, empowerment is highly recommended as a tactic to foster employee commitment towards the organization thereby implementing changes. Such is the trait of unconventional leaders. They tend to empower rather than instruct. This suggests that enhancing an organization’s leadership capability which in turn fosters organizational commitments becomes the focal point of change management in an organization. Empirical literatures have suggested that, organizations require a modern leadership style at a time when the organization itself is going through a turbulent phase. In such a context the new leadership style has been deemed appropriate by many researchers.This paper highlights that  conventional leadership style gives more sta bility to the organization. This is precisely because they tend to go by the book and their leadership style is not reckless in nature. However, many a times it has been seen that a conventional leaders tend to overlook innovation. They are more likely to encourage activity, action and work rather than encouraging innovation, ideas and fun.  The topic as to which leadership style is more appropriate has been largely debated by many researchers throughout the world, yet a rigid conclusion has never been reached.

Song Modern Western Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Song Modern Western Philosophy Essay Your ideas are discrete autonomous and have grown with time. Long reign Geertz influential notion and thick description to the right of virtue ethics Your pursuit for a 21st century, commonly known as the Geertzian mechanics Geertz semiotic notion of culture improves the context-sensitive theory Your exploration to moral identity has a significant methodological relation This has an importance reference to historicism and cultural materialism (Cefalu, 89) Chorus *3 References Cefalu, Paul.Moral Identity in Early Modern English Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print. Source document

Literature Review of Self Leadership and Creativity

Literature Review of Self Leadership and Creativity The purpose of this literature review is to study and critique a number of academic articles and scholarly literatures in the area of self-leadership and specifically its influence on creativity. With the promising growth of human resource practice, concepts such as self-leadership and creativity become indispensable parts of the HRM framework. Upon careful assessment of the different contributors and impact of self-leadership, subsequent recommendations for future research and implications for contemporary human resource practice will be devised upon the findings of this literature review. Research Methods In locating the relevant literature materials, various popular management databases such Ebsco, ProQuest and Infotrac were consulted. They keywords used in facilitating the search include self-leadership, creativity, self-motivation, employee influence and contemporary human resource management. The result of the bundle of literature includes case studies, empirical research (both qualitative and quantitative) and scholarly journal articles. A diversity of literature and scholarly articles were chosen in attempt to obtain an overall understanding of the chosen topics of self-leadership and creativity. An analysis and understanding of these academic literatures will be addressed subsequently. Self-leadership and Creativity An emerging area in contemporary human resource practice is self-leadership. A succinct yet meaningful definition of self-leadership is known as the process of influence to establish the self-direction and self-motivation needed to perform (Manz, 1986, p.585). Furthermore, an empirical study conducted by Houghton et al (2004) illustrated that employees who are high in self-leadership are more likely to have higher innovation and creativity potential than employees who are low in self-leadership. Pursuing further, Beer and Walton (1987) emphasised a new set of assumptions in shaping their meaning of contemporary human resource management as the Proactive system-wide intervention, with emphasis on fit linking HRM with strategic planning and cultural change. In contemporary human resource practice, self-leadership and creativity marry at a point when effective self-leadership influences the creation of motivation and a self-bettering learning culture that will support the behaviours required for success. Such self-bettering learning culture serves its optimum purpose when it is transferred across the entire organisation. The shaping of an organisations culture is analogous to fertilising the soil for seed planting crops. Organisations with supportive cultures and positive attitudes in self-leadership tend to empower employees motivations and job satisfaction. Findings It is important to the note that the findings of these scholarly articles vary in variables and a number of other constraints in their own merits. However, for the purpose of this literature review, these findings will be discussed as a collective finding in self-leadership and creativity and contemporary human resource management. First of all, it is worthy to note that the findings in Houghton et al (2004) paper are predominantly based on correlations between self-leadership and the potential of creativity and not the actual level of creativity. With due respect, it is understandable that there are many variables affecting the practice of creativity such as supervisory styles (Ford, 1996) and the work environment (Amabile, 1997). Other literatures have suggested that employees with high levels of self-leadership tend to have an internal locus of control (Woodman, Sawyer and Griffin, 1993). This means that these employees believed that they have a fairly high level of control over the outcome of results. On the other hand, employees with an external locus of control believed that they have very little or no control over the results or outcome of a matter and therefore may not try as hard as the internal locus of control employees. This is a significant piece of information towards the study of contemporary hum an resource practice because through understanding the different types of employees belief, the organization can provide training tailored to individual employees to suit their learning styles most effectively. For instance, employees with internal locus of control, self-leadership and therefore, a high degree of creativity would be a valuable group of human resource to the organization as they would be most likely to strive and produce innovative results. Owing to their high level of self-leadership, they would be influencing themselves to motivate and perform towards their set career goals. In addition, it is fascinating to note that in the theory of cross-cultural self-leadership, Houghton et al (2004) had referenced the work of Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov (2010) and contends that cultural biases (ethnocentrism) would significantly impugn on the integrity of collection of empirical data. As a result, Houghton et al (2004) had conducted the empirical data of self-leadership quantities research to encompass team members from different races. The conclusion of the findings is that self-leadership is a self-influence concept and does not usually transcend across cultures. However, Houghton et al (2004) remarked that one should take into account that the western self-leadership concept should be conveyed and explained to the Asian culture to gain unanimous understanding and a more controlled environment of collecting empirical data. In the research conducted by Ford (1996), different types of supervisory styles were observed. Out of the array of styles, the more prominent one is the comparison of transactional leadership and transformational or charismatic leadership with respect to their impact on creativity. It is interesting to find that transformational supervisors with a vision and/or charisma to motivate employees would often draw their inner potential out and as a result, fulfil self-motivation. This inherent cause and effect proposition coincides with the positive correlation between self-leadership and creativity. It is reasonable to posit that this is due to the fact that when employees are motivated and entrusted with leadership roles, where they can foresee a positive future with the organisation, the likelihood is that they feel a sense of security and association, thus identify themselves with the organisation. These suggestion made by Ford (1996) are aligned with the literature on the hierarchy of needs conducted by Maslow and Frager (1987), that people in general would demand social recognition and a sense of belonging in their workplace. Quality of literature The overall presentation and language used amongst these literatures vary greatly. Despite their prominent stance in the human resource management evolution, some of the older papers (i.e. Beer and Walton, 1987; Amabile, 1997) are seen to be using more archaic language and antiquated grammar in presenting their findings. For instance, in the work by Beer and Walton (1987), words such as societal wellbeing and personnel or people management were often used. It is worthy to note that these terminologies have long been compromised by words such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and human resource management respectively. Implications for Future Research Williams (1997) has suggested that future research should identify the correlation between how different types of personality characteristics affects the level of self-leadership. Drawing upon Williams suggestion, future research could further benefit from focusing specifically on personality characteristics such as general self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control and self-monitoring. Due to the growing importance of self-leadership in the HRM arena, future research can also gain advantage from finding correlations between different personality traits and self-leadership. For instance, through the usage of the Myers-Briggs personality traits test as a part of the initial assessment in the early stages of recruitment process. In addition, through the engagement of HRM professionals, the process of short listing the candidates that are most suitable to the desirable culture of the organization can be achieved. Another practical implication of this new correlation research would be useful for companies who are particularly trying to prevent any increase in employee turnover rate and sunk costs in relation to training and retaining potential leaders. It is also helpful for companies to predict the level of self-leadership in the early stage of human resource management by selecting candidates with the desirable personality traits. This will in turn lower the cost of human resource selection and future training and development investments. Furthermore, by selecting candidates with high self-leadership it indicates that these potential employees are more likely to utilize their creativity (as discussed above), contributing to the overall innovative culture of the company. Summary In summary, the overall quality of the chosen literatures is of exceptionally high standards. In spite of the origin of majority of these articles being from the United States, there is in fact a high coherence of applicability in the Australian workplace. As uncovered by these literatures, there are many benefits of the inter-twined qualities of self-leadership and creativity to the productivity and growth of an organisation. However, it is strongly proposed that future research can build upon these existing findings to add value in the area of contemporary human resource management by filing in the gap from findings of the above-discussed literatures.